View source for William I of the Netherlands | Historipedia Official Wiki

{{good article}}
{{about|first Dutch monarch|other men at some time in history called "William I of Orange-Nassau"|William of Orange (disambiguation)|other uses|William I (disambiguation)}}
{{Infobox royalty
|name=William I
|image = Joseph Paelinck - William I, King of the Netherlands - Google Art Project.JPG 
|imgw= 248px
|caption = King William I in Coronation Robes by [[Joseph Paelinck]], ca. 1818–19
|succession= [[List of monarchs of the Netherlands|King of the Netherlands]]<br>[[List of monarchs of Luxembourg|Grand Duke of Luxembourg]]
|reign= {{nowrap|16 March 1815 – 7 October 1840{{small|<ref name="dates">Throughout Charles's life, Netherlands and used the [[Old Style and New Style dates|Old Style]] [[Julian calendar]]. Poland adopted the [[Old Style and New Style dates|New Style]] [[Gregorian calendar]] on 1 March 1797 (N.S.) / 19 February 1797 (O.S.). Old Style is used for dates in this article unless otherwise indicated; however, years are assumed to start from 1 January and not 25 March, which was the English New Year.</ref>}}}}
|coronation= 30 March 1814
|cor-type= [[Inauguration of the Dutch monarch|Inauguration]]
|predecessor= '''Himself''' {{small|as [[Sovereign Principality of the United Netherlands|Sovereign Prince]]}}
|successor= [[William II of the Netherlands|William II]]
|succession1= [[Principality of Orange-Nassau|Prince of Orange-Nassau]]
|reign1= 9 April 1806 – 16 March 1815
|predecessor1= [[William V, Prince of Orange|William V]]
|successor1= [[William II of the Netherlands|William II]]
|succession2= [[Principality of Orange-Nassau|Prince of Orange-Nassau]]
|reign2= 25 February 1803 – {{nowrap|27 October 1806}}
|succession3= [[Duchy of Limburg (1839–67)|Duke of Limburg]]
|reign3=5 September 1839 – {{nowrap|7 October 1840}}
|predecessor3= [[Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor|Francis II, H.R.E.]] ''(1794)''
|successor3= [[William II of the Netherlands|William II]]
|full name= Charles William Frederick Johan
|spouse= [[Wilhelmine of Prussia, Queen of the Netherlands|Princess Wilhelmina of Prussia]]<br />[[Henrietta d'Oultremont|Countess Henrietta d'Oultremont de Wégimont]] ([[Morganatic marriage|morganatic]])
|issue= [[William II of the Netherlands]]<br />[[Prince William Frederick of the Netherlands|Prince William Frederick]]<br />[[Prince Frederick of the Netherlands|Prince Frederick]]<br />[[Princess Pauline of Orange-Nassau|Princess Pauline]]<br />[[Princess Marianne of the Netherlands|Marianne, Princess Albert of Prussia]]
|house= [[House of Habsburg-Lorraine|Habsburg-Lorraine]]
|father= [[Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor]]
|mother= [[Maria Luisa of Spain]]
|birth_date= {{birth date|df=yes|1772|8|24}}
|birth_place= [[Vienna]], [[Archduchy of Austria|Austria]], [[Holy Roman Empire]]
|death_date= {{Death date and age|1843|12|12|1772|8|24|df=yes}}
|death_place= [[Berlin]], [[Kingdom of Prussia]]
|burial_place= [[Imperial Crypt]], [[Vienna]], Archduchy of Austria
|occupation=Military (Calvary)
|religion= [[Dutch Reformed Church]]<br /><small>''prev.'' [[Catholic Church|Roman Catholicism]]</small>
|signature=
|}}
'''William I''' (William Frederick, Prince of Orange-Nassau; {{Lang-nl|Willem Frederik}}; {{lang-pl|William Fryderyk}}; {{lang-de|Wilhelm Friedrich}}; {{lang-lt|Vilius Frederikas}}; 24 August 1775 &ndash; 12 December 1843), known as "'''the Peace-King'''"<ref>{{cite news | title = Scots Greys | last = Staff writer | date = 25 January 1819 |work=The Times | location = UK | page = 3 | quote = ...they will have the additional honour of attending our "Peace-King"... }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title = Will of his late Majesty Charles I | last = Staff writer | date = 29 June 1837 |work=The Times | location = UK | page = 5 | quote = ...ever since the accession of our Peace King... }}</ref>, was an [[Habsburg Monarchy|Austrian]] [[field marshal]]<ref>{{German title Fürst}}</ref>, first [[List of monarchs of the Netherlands|King of the Netherlands]] and [[Grand Duke of Luxembourg]] from 16 March 1815 and [[King of Italy]] from 1819 until his voluntarily abdication in 1840. He was the youngest field marshals to command the Austrian forces. 

He was born in [[Vienna]] in the [[Archduchy of Austria]] to [[Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor|Holy Roman Emperor Leopold II]] and [[Maria Luisa of Spain]]. He was the 12th ancestor descendant of [[Charles VII, Holy Roman Emperor|Emperor Charles VII]] but he could be the next ruler of Austria and the Holy Roman Empire. To his surprised, he was an older brother to [[Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor|Emperor Francis II]], who had made as Emperor in the [[Holy Roman Empire]], later [[Emperor of Austria]]. He also witness the [[French Revolutionary Wars]] by the overthrow of [[King Louis XVI]] in 1793 and thinking he was going to military.

During his military service at age nine, the youngest person who in the military by the permission of his uncle, [[Holy Roman Emperor Francis II]]. He was at given the rank of field marshal of the [[Austrian Army]] during the [[Napoleonic Wars]]. He was wounded two times in the stomach and 2 times in the legs and one in the arm at the [[Battle of Landshut (1809)|battle of Landshut in 1809]]. By the death of his father in 1813, he was succeeded him as [[Prince of Schwarzenberg]], a few weeks later that he was victory at the [[Battle of Leipzig]], by the following of [[Napoleon]]'s abdication in 1814 and went to exile. When Napoleon [[Hundred Days|returned to power in 1815]], Emperor Francis I ordered Karl Philipp that he will defeated Napoleon for good, he thought the battles of [[Battle of Quatre Bras|Quatre Bras]]. At the battle in [[Battle of Waterloo|Waterloo]], the defeat at Waterloo ended Napoleon's rule as Emperor of the French, and marked the end of his Hundred Days return from exile. At the time, Williams returned to Netherlands where he was Sovereign Prince of the Netherlands in 1813 until 1815.

During his reign in Germany, he was ruler (as [[Fürst]]) of the [[Principality of Nassau-Orange-Fulda]] from 1803 until 1806 and of the [[Principality of Orange-Nassau]] in the year 1806 and from 1813 until 1815. In 1813 he proclaimed himself 'Sovereign Prince' of the "United Netherlands." He proclaimed himself King of the Netherlands and Duke of Luxembourg on 16 March 1815. In the same year on 9 June William I became also the [[Grand Duke of Luxembourg]] and after 1839 he was furthermore the [[Duchy of Limburg (1839–67)|Duke of Limburg]]. He is the role of the three major wars, the [[Forty Years' War]], [[Belgian Revolution]], and [[War of the Ukrainian Succession]]. He was one of the most popular monarch in Polish since [[John III Sobieski]]. His first loss is the [[Belgian Revolution]] in 1830 when the [[Revolutions of 1830|Eupropean revolutions of 1830]], which Polish King [[Stanislaus III Albert]] succeeded the Belgium throne. 

Though always at war, William was a lover of peace. "Not greedy of territory," wrote Marcantonio Contarini in 1836, "but most greedy of peace and quiet."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/charles14.htm |title=''Charles I'', Luminarium.org. Excerpted from ''Encyclopædia Britannica'', 11th Ed. 1910 Vol XV. p 141 }}</ref>  Charles abdicated in 1839. The thrones of [[King of Poland|Poland]] and [[Grand Duke of Lithuania|Lithuania]] passed to William's older brother [[John IV Joseph, King of the Polish|Jan Joseph]], whereas the Kingdom of the Netherlands was inherited by his elder son [[William II of the Netherlands|William]]. The two empires would remain allies until the 20th century. William was weak and having last illness, but after 25 years of energetic rule he was physically exhausted and sought the peace of a city of [[Berlin]], Prussia where he died aged 68, after suffering a [[Stomach cancer]]. He was buried in [[Imperial Crypt]] in [[Vienna]].

==Early life==
[[File:Willem Frederik (1775-1843), prins van Oranje-Nassau (later koning Willem I), als kind Rijksmuseum SK-A-1476.jpeg|245px|thumb|Portrait of William (1778)]]
[[File:JongeWillemImetbroerFrederik.jpg|thumb|upright|245px|Young William (sitting) and his elder brother [[John IV Joseph, King of the Polish|John Joseph]] (standing) in 1790]]

===Youth===
Archduke William Frederick was born in the early hours of the morning on 24 August 1775 in [[Vienna]],{{sfn|Tucker|2014|page=673}} was a son of [[Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor|Emperor Leopold II]] (1747–1792) and his wife [[Maria Luisa of Spain]] (1745–1792), daughter of [[Charles III of Spain]].{{citation needed|date=November 2011}} His brother, [[John IV Joseph, King of the Polish|Jan Joseph]] (1773–1850) was born few years earlier than William. William Frederick was honest and caring person. He was the 12th descendant of [[Charles VII, Holy Roman Emperor|Emperor Charles VII]] but he could be the next ruler of Austria and the Holy Roman Empire, but he reign any rights to the Imperial throne. But he declined.

Prince William, as members of his family called him. His parents, Emperor Leopold&nbsp;II and Princess Wilhelmina, already had two children. At the young age, his father, Johann Nepomuk Anton died on on February 1805 and Karl Philipp succeeded his father as [[Prince of Schwarzenberg]] during the [[Napoleonic Wars|war against French Empire]].

===Childhood===
Even as a young boy, he was bright and showed much promise in the military field; General Prince Charles Stamford, mathematician [[Leonhard Euler]] and historian Herman Tollius were among his tutors. After military training in [[Braunschweig|Brunswick]], where his [[Charles William Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel|cousin once removed]] was reigning duke, Prince Charles began active military service in 1795 when the [[States-General of the Netherlands|States-General]] granted him the rank of [[lieutenant-general]] of the [[cavalry]] and grand master of [[artillery]]. In 1793, he was called to war when the Republic had to be defended against the French. He was an inspiring leader and was usually in the forefront. Prince Frederick took upon himself the defense of the northwestern part of [[Duchy of Brabant|Brabant]]. Later, he served under his older brother at [[Veurne]] (Furnes) and [[Battle of Menin (1793)|Menin]] ([[Menen]]). While fighting in the latter battle at Flemish [[Wervik]], on 12/13 September 1793, Charles suffered an injury when he was shot in the shoulder; this was an injury he never fully recovered from. In 1794, he was appointed general of the cavalry.

When his brother, [[Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor|Francis]] succeeded the Imperial throne in 1792, Charles Philipp travel to his brother's coronation. After the coronation, he travel to the Netherlands after he become [[Prince of Orange]].

===Education===
Prince Charles was tutored by the [[Stéphanie Félicité Ducrest de St-Albin, comtesse de Genlis|Countess of Genlis]] with [[Louis Philippe]] (future first President of France), beginning in 1782. She instilled in him a fondness for [[Liberalism|liberal]] thought; it is probably during this period that Louis Philippe picked up his slightly [[Voltaire]]an{{Clarify|date=February 2009}} brand of Catholicism. When Louis Philippe's grandfather died in 1785, his father succeeded him as Duke of Orléans and Louis Philippe succeeded his father as Duke of Chartres. In 1788, with the [[French revolution|Revolution]] looming, the young Louis Philippe showed his liberal sympathies when he helped break down the door of a prison cell in [[Mont Saint-Michel]], during a visit there with the Countess of Genlis. From October 1788 to October 1791, the ''Palais Royal'' was a meeting-place for the revolutionaries.

==Early military service==
[[File:Willem Frederik Prins van Oranje - Leur - 20138804 - RCE.jpg|thumb|245px|Portrait of Young Prince William Frederick, Prince of Orange in 1792.]]
Like his younger brother [[Prince Frederick of Orange-Nassau]] he was tutored by the Swiss mathematician [[Leonhard Euler]] and the Dutch historian [[Herman Tollius]]. They were both tutored in the military arts by general Prince [[Frederick Stamford]]. After the [[Batavian Revolution|Patriot revolt]] had been suppressed in 1787, he in 1788-89 attended the military academy in [[Braunschweig|Brunswick]] which was considered an excellent military school, together with his brother. In 1790 he visited a number of foreign courts like the one in [[Duchy of Nassau|Nassau]] and the Prussian capital [[Berlin]], where he first met his future wife.<ref name=Bas>{{cite book|last=Bas|first=François de|authorlink=François de Bas|title=Prins Frederik Der Nederlanden en Zijn Tijd, vol. 1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=livrAAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=editions:KR2VRpMN5HgC&hl=en&sa=X&ei=RrpYUYK6MOa_igLwt4DIBg&ved=0CC4Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false|publisher=H. A. M. Roelants, 1887|accessdate=31 March 2013}}</ref>{{rp|100}}

William subsequently studied briefly at the [[University of Leiden]]. In 1790 he was appointed a general of infantry in the [[Dutch States Army|States Army]] of which his father was [[Captain general]], and he was made a member of the [[Council of State of the Netherlands]].In November 1791 he took his new bride to [[The Hague]].<ref name=Bas />{{rp|101}}

After the [[National Convention]] of the [[French First Republic]] had declared war on the stadtholder of the Dutch Republic in February 1793, William was appointed commander-in-chief of the ''veldleger'' (mobile army) of the States Army (his father remained the nominal head of the armed forces).<ref name=Bas />{{rp|157}} As such he commanded the troops that took part in the [[Flanders Campaign]] of 1793-95. He took part in the battles of [[Veurne]], [[Battle of Menin (1793)|Menin]], and [[Wervik]] (where his brother was wounded) in 1793, the [[siege of Landrecies (1794)]], which fortress surrendered to him, and the [[Battle of Fleurus (1794)]], to name the most important. In May 1794 he had replaced general [[Franz Wenzel, Graf von Kaunitz-Rietberg|Kaunitz]] as commander of the combined Austro-Dutch forces on the instigation of [[Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor|Emperor Francis II]] who apparently had a high opinion of him.<ref name=Bas />{{rp|270}} But the French armies proved too strong, and the allied leadership too inept, and the allies were defeated. The French first entered Dutch [[North Brabant|Brabant]] which they dominated after the [[Battle of Boxtel]]. When in the winter of 1794-95 the rivers in the [[Rhine–Meuse–Scheldt delta|Rhine delta]] froze over, the French breached the southern [[Hollandic Water Line]] and the situation became militarily untenable. In many places Dutch [[Patriots (faction)|revolutionaries]] took over the local government. After the [[Batavian Revolution in Amsterdam]] on 18 January 1795 the stadtholder decided to flee to Britain, and his sons accompanied him. (On this last day in Holland his father relieved William honorably of his commands). The next day the [[Batavian Republic]] was proclaimed.<ref name=Bas />{{rp|341–365, 374–404, 412}}

==Military service==
He entered the imperial [[cavalry]] in in 1798 under [[Franz Moritz Graf von Lacy|Lacy]] and [[Ernst Gideon Freiherr von Laudon|Loudon]] against the [[Ottoman Empire|Turks]], distinguished himself by his bravery, and became a major in few weeks.{{sfn|Tucker|2014|page=673}} In the French campaign of 1793, he served in the advanced guard of the army commanded by [[Prince Josias of Coburg]], and at [[Battle of Le Cateau (1794)|Le Cateau-Cambrésis]] in 1794 his impetuous charge at the head of his regiment, vigorously supported by twelve [[Kingdom of Great Britain|British]] squadrons, broke a whole corps of the French, killed and wounded 3,000 men, and brought off 32 of the enemy's guns. He was immediately decorated with the Knight's Cross of the [[Military Order of Maria Theresa]].{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=390}}

===Napoleonic Wars===
{{hatnote|Main articles: [[Napoleonic Wars]] and [[Imperial and Royal Army during the Napoleonic Wars]]}}
After taking part in the battles of [[Battle of Amberg|Amberg]] and [[Battle of Würzburg|Würzburg]] in 1796 he was raised to the rank of [[major general|General-Major]], and in 1799 he was promoted to [[lieutenant general|Feldmarschall-Leutnant]]. At the [[Battle of Hohenlinden]] he led a division in the right wing, and was almost the only Austrian general who emerged from that debacle with distinction.{{sfn|Arnold|2005|p=249}} During the retreat, his promptitude and courage saved the right wing of the Austrian army from destruction, and he was afterwards entrusted by the [[Archduke Charles of Austria]] with the command of the rearguard.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=390}} In 1804, Prince Karl Philipp was created ''Fürst zu Schwarzenberg'' in a title identical to, but separate from, that of his brother, Joseph, Prince of Schwarzenberg.{{citation needed|date=November 2011}} In the war of 1805 he held command of a division under [[Karl Freiherr Mack von Leiberich|Mack]], and when [[Ulm]] was surrounded by [[Napoleon]] in October he was one of the brave band of cavalry, under the [[Archduke Ferdinand of Austria-Este]], which cut its way through the hostile lines. In the same year, he received the Commander's Cross of the Order of Maria Theresa and in 1809 he was awarded the [[Order of the Golden Fleece]].{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=390}}

In 1806-1809, Schwarzenberg served as the Austrian ambassador to Russia.{{sfn|Tucker|2014|page=673}} Schwarzenburg returned in time to Austria to take part in the [[Battle of Wagram]] as another war against France had started, leading a cavalry division in the Reserve Corps.{{sfn|Bowden|Tarbox|1980|p=167}} and was soon afterwards promoted General of Cavalry. After the peace of Vienna, he was sent to Paris to negotiate the marriage between [[Napoleon I of France|Napoleon]] and the Archduchess [[Marie Louise of Austria]]. The prince gave a ball in honour of the bride on 1 July 1810, which ended in a fire that killed many of the guests, including his own sister-in-law.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=390}}
[[File:Thomas Lawrence - Charles I Philipp, King of the Polish - Google Art Project.JPG|thumb|250px|right|Portrait of Charles I Philipp in 1817<br />by [[Anton Einsle]].]]
Napoleon held Schwarzenberg in great esteem, and it was at his request that the prince took command of the Austrian auxiliary corps in the [[Napoleon's invasion of Russia|Russian campaign of 1812]]. The Austrian general won some minor victories against the Russians at Gorodetschna and Wolkowisk. Afterwards, under instructions from Napoleon, he remained for some months inactive at [[Pultusk]].{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|pp=390–391}}

===Wounded at the Battle of Landshut===
{{main article|Battle of Landshut (1809)}}
Prince Charles Philipp was ordered by his brother, Emperor [[Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor|Francis I/II]] took place on 21 April 1809 with his fellow General [[Johann von Hiller]] to see [[Napoleon|Emperor Napoleon I]] on the battlefield. 

Hiller realized that he would be unable to hold his position for long, as Masséna was trying to block him from escaping. At this point his cavalry were forced back by Lannes’s troops and the Austrians were pushed back into Landshut. The French now quickly seized the northern bridge over the river, and the Austrians withdrew into the main part of the town to defend the southern bridge. The Austrians tried to set fire to this second bridge, but owing to the rainfall over the previous days, this was only partially successful. However the Austrians did manage to close the gates at the end of the bridge. The French were now faced with attacking across the smoldering bridge. Napoleon ordered his aide General [[Georges Mouton]] (later comte de Lobau) to assume command of the attacking grenadiers of the 17th Line. In the face of heavy Austrian fire from all sides, Mouton ordered his men to attack without firing their muskets. The grenadiers reached the gateway and broke it down, allowing Bavarian troops to quickly reinforce the breach.<ref name="Baker547"/>

During the battle, Prince Charles Philipp was shot and stabbed five times (stomach and legs), leaving the young Austrian prince [[Limping|limp]] for rest of his life. The wounded Charles Philipp was carried on his horse and escape form battle. 

With the defeated Austrian Army at the Battle of Landshut, his brother, [[Archduke Charles, Duke of Teschen|Archduke Charles]] won the battle in [[Battle of Aspern-Essling|Aspern-Essling]], the fellow month for revenge on Prince Charles Philipp's wounded and defeated form the [[Battle of Landshut (1809)|the battle before]]. While he was covering form his wounds in his brother's palace in [[Vienna]], was nicknamed and was titled, "Archduke-Prince" during his military career. 

===Field marshal of the Austrian Army===
In 1813, when Austria, after many hesitations, took the side of the allies against Napoleon, Schwarzenberg, recently promoted to [[Feldmarschall]], was appointed commander-in-chief of the allied Grand Army of [[Bohemia]]. As such, he was the senior of the allied generals who conducted the campaign of 1813-1814.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=391}} Under his command, the Allied army was mauled by Napoleon at the [[Battle of Dresden]] on 26–27 August and driven back into Bohemia. However, his army defeated pursuing French forces at the [[Second Battle of Kulm]]. Returning to the fray, he led the Allied army north again and played a major role in Napoleon's decisive defeat at the [[Battle of Leipzig]] on 16–18 October. During the invasion of France in 1814, he beat a French force at the [[Battle of Bar-sur-Aube]] in late February. He repelled an attack by Napoleon in the [[Battle of Arcis-sur-Aube]] on 20–21 March and overcame the last barrier before [[Paris]] by winning the [[Battle of Fère-Champenoise]] on 25 March. His capture of the French capital on 31 March after the [[Battle of Paris (1814)|Battle of Paris]] resulted in the overthrow of Napoleon.{{citation needed|date=November 2011}}<!--For all of the paragraph since the last citation-->

===Hundred Days and Napoleon's abdicated===
The next year, during the [[Hundred Days]] when Napoleon escaped from Elba and regained the French throne, in the [[Minor campaigns of 1815|hostilities that followed]] Schwarzenberg commanded the Army of the Upper Rhine (an Austrian-allied army of about a quarter of a million men).{{sfn|Siborne|1895|p=767}}

It is the fashion to accuse Schwarzenberg of timidity and over-caution, and his operations can easily be made to appear in that colour when contrasted with those of his principal subordinate, the fiery [[Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher|Blücher]]. Critics often forget that Schwarzenberg was an Austrian general, that his army was practically the whole force that Austria could put into the field in Central Europe, and was therefore not lightly to be risked, and that the motives of his apparent pusillanimity should be sought in the political archives of Vienna rather than in the text-books of [[Military strategy|strategical]] theory.

==Prince of Orange==
King Charles I's uncle were the last [[stadtholder]] [[William V, Prince of Orange]] of the [[Dutch Republic]], and his wife [[Wilhelmina of Prussia, Princess of Orange|Wilhelmina of Prussia]]. Until 1806, Charles was formally known as Charles I, Prince of [[House of Nassau|Orange-Nassau]],{{efn|The family name changed from "Nassau-Dietz" to "Orange-Nassau" when [[John William Friso, Prince of Orange]] claimed the inheritance of Prince [[William III of England|William III of Orange]] in 1702.}} and between 1806 and 1813 also as Prince of Orange. In [[Berlin]] on 1 October 1791, Charles married his first cousin [[Wilhelmine of Prussia, Queen of the Netherlands|(Frederica Louisa) Wilhelmina]], born in [[Potsdam]]. She was the daughter of King [[Frederick William II of Prussia]]. After Wilhelmina died in 1837, Charles married Countess Henriette d'Oultremont de Wégimont ([[Maastricht]], 28 February 1792 – [[Schloss Rahe]], 26 October 1864), created Countess of Nassau, on 17 February 1841, also in Berlin.

==Exile==
Soon after his departure to Britain the Hereditary Prince went back to the Continent,{{clarify|date=September 2014}}<!-- who is "his"? This is a new section.--> where his brother was assembling former members of the States Army in [[Osnabrück]] for a planned foray into the Batavian Republic in the Summer of 1795. However, the neutral Prussian government forbade this.<ref name=Schama>{{cite book|last=Schama|first=Simon|authorlink=Simon Schama|title=Patriots and Liberators. Revolution in the Netherlands 1780-1813|year=1992|publisher=Vintage Books|location=NewYork|isbn=0-679-72949-6}}</ref>{{rp|231–235}}

In 1799, William landed in the current [[North Holland]] as part of an [[Anglo-Russian invasion of Holland]]. The Hereditary Prince was instrumental in fomenting a mutiny on the Batavian naval squadron in the [[Vlieter Incident|Vlieter]], resulting in the surrender of the ships without a fight to the [[Royal Navy]], which accepted the surrender in the name of the stadtholder. The local Dutch population, however, was not pleased with the arrival of the prince. One local [[Orangism (Dutch Republic)|Orangist]] was even executed.{{efn|The ''freule'' (baroness) Judith Van Dorth tot Holthuizen; see Schama, p. 397}} The hoped-for popular uprising failed to materialise. After several minor battles the Hereditary Prince was forced to leave the country again after the [[Convention of Alkmaar]]. The mutineers of the Batavian fleet, with their ships,and a number of deserters from the Batavian army accompanied the retreating British troops to Britain. There William formed the [[King's Dutch Brigade]] with these troops, a military unit in British service, that  swore oaths of allegiance to the British King, but also to the States General, defunct since 1795, "whenever those would be reconstituted."{{efn|The States General were the sovereign power in the defunct Dutch Republic; the troops of the States Army had also sworn loyalty to the States General and not the Stadttholder.}} This brigade trained on the [[Isle of Wight]] in 1800 and was eventually used by the British in Ireland.<ref name=Bas2>{{cite book|last=Bas|first=François de|authorlink=François de Bas|title=Prins Frederik der Nederlanden en zijn tijd, Volume 2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1SzrAAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=Prins+Frederik+der+Nederlanden+en+zijn+tijd,+Volume+2&hl=en&sa=X&ei=ewxaUeOTM-WujALjqoDwBg&ved=0CDQQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Prins%20Frederik%20der%20Nederlanden%20en%20zijn%20tijd%2C%20Volume%202&f=false|publisher=H. A. M. Roelants, 1891|accessdate=31 March 2013}}</ref>{{rp|241–265}}

When peace was concluded between Great Britain and the French Republic under [[First Consul]] [[Napoleon Bonaparte]] the Orange exiles were at their nadir. The Dutch Brigade was dissolved on 12 July 1802. Many members of the brigade went home to the Batavian Republic, thanks to an amnesty. The surrendered ships of the Batavian navy were not returned, due to an agreement between the stadtholder and the British government of 11 March 1800.<ref name=Bas2 />{{rp|329–330}} Instead the stadtholder was allowed to sell them to the Royal Navy for an appreciable sum.<ref>{{cite book|last=James|first=W. M.|title=The Naval History of Great Britain: During the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars. Vol. 2 1797-1799|year=2002|edition=reprint|publisher=Stackpole books|pages=309–310}}</ref>

The stadtholder, feeling betrayed by the British, left for Germany. The Hereditary Prince, having a more flexible mind, went to visit Napoleon at [[Château de Saint-Cloud|St. Cloud]] in 1802. He apparently charmed the First Consul, and was charmed by him. Napoleon raised hopes for William that he might have an important role in a reformed Batavian Republic. Meanwhile, William's brother-in-law [[Frederick William III of Prussia]], neutral at the time, promoted a Franco-Prussian convention of 23 May 1802, in addition to the [[Treaty of Amiens]], that gave the [[House of Orange]] a few [[abbatial]] domains in Germany, that were combined to the [[Principality of Nassau-Orange-Fulda]] by way of indemnification for its losses in the Batavian Republic. The stadtholder gave this principality immediately to his son.<ref name=Schama />{{rp|452}}

[[File:Willem Frederik (1772-1843), erfprins van Oranje-Nassau. Later koning Willem I. Genaamd 'Het mantelportret' Rijksmuseum SK-A-4113.jpeg|thumb|upright|William Frederick, Prince of Orange in {{circa}} 1805–1810]]

When Napoleon invaded Germany in 1806 and war broke out between the [[First French Empire|French Empire]] and Prussia, William supported his Prussian relatives, though he was nominally a French vassal. He received command of a Prussian division which took part in the [[Battle of Jena–Auerstedt]]. The Prussians lost that battle and William was forced to surrender his troops rather ignominiously at [[Capitulation of Erfurt|Erfurt]] the day after the battle. He was made a prisoner of war, but was [[Parole#Prisoners of war|paroled]] soon. Napoleon punished him for his betrayal, however, by taking away his principality. As a parolee, William was not allowed to take part in the hostilities anymore. After the [[Treaties of Tilsit|Peace of Tilsit]] William received a pension from France in compensation.<ref name=Bas2 />{{rp|454–469, 471, 501}}

In the same year, 1806, his father, the Prince of Orange died, and William not only inherited the title, but also his father's claims on the inheritance embodied in the Nassau lands. This would become important a few years later, when developments in Germany coincided to make William the [[Fürst]] (Prince) of a diverse assembly of Nassau lands that had belonged to other branches of the [[House of Nassau]].

But before this came about, in 1809 tensions between Austria and France became intense. William did not hesitate to join the Austrian army as a ''Feldmarschalleutnant'' (major-general) in May 1809<ref name=Bas2 />{{rp|516}} As a member of the staff of the Austrian supreme commander, [[Archduke Charles, Duke of Teschen|Archduke Charles]] he took part in the [[Battle of Wagram]], where he was wounded in the leg.<ref name=Bas2 />{{rp|520–523}}

Tsar [[Alexander I of Russia]] played a central role in the restoration of the Netherlands. Prince William VI (as he was now known), who had been living in exile in Prussia, met with Alexander I in March 1813.  Alexander promised to support William and help restore an independent Netherlands with William as king.  Russian troops in the Netherlands participated with their Prussian allies in restoring the dynasty. Dynastic considerations of marriage between the royal houses of Great Britain and the Netherlands, assured British approval.

==Sovereign Prince==
{{see also|Sovereign Principality of the United Netherlands}}
[[File:Landing Willem Frederik Scheveningen 1813.png|thumb|Landing of William in [[Scheveningen]] on 30 November 1813]]

After Napoleon's defeat at [[Battle of Leipzig|Leipzig]] (October 1813), the French troops retreated to France from all over Europe. The Netherlands had been annexed to the French Empire by Napoleon in 1810. But now city after city was evacuated by the French occupation troops. In ensueing the power vacuum a number of former Orangist politicians and former Patriots formed a provisional government in November 1813. Although a large number of the members of the provisional government had helped drive out William V 18 years earlier, it was taken for granted that his son would have to head any new regime. They also agreed it would be better in the long term for the Dutch to restore him themselves, rather than have the Great Powers impose him on the country. The Dutch population were pleased with the departure of the French, who had ruined the Dutch economy, and this time welcomed the prince.<ref name=Schama />{{rp|634–642}}

After having been invited by the [[Driemanschap]] (Triumvirate) of 1813, on 30 November 1813 William disembarked from {{HMS|Warrior|1781|6}} and landed at [[Scheveningen]] beach, only a few yards from the place where he had left the country with his father 18 years before, and on 6 December the provisional government offered him the title of [[King]]. William refused, instead proclaiming himself "[[Sovereign Principality of the United Netherlands|Sovereign Prince of the Netherlands]]". He also wanted the rights of the people to be guaranteed by "a wise constitution".<ref name=Schama />{{rp|643}}

The constitution offered William extensive (almost absolute) powers. Ministers were only responsible to him, while a unicameral parliament (the [[States General of the Netherlands|States General]]) exercised only limited power. He was inaugurated as sovereign prince in the [[Nieuwe Kerk (Amsterdam)|New Church]] in [[Amsterdam]] on 30 March 1814. In August 1814, he was appointed Governor-General of the former [[Austrian Netherlands]] and the [[Prince-Bishopric of Liège]] (more or less modern-day Belgium) by the Allied Powers who occupied that country, ruling them on behalf of Prussia. He was also made [[Grand Duke of Luxembourg]], having received that territory in return for trading his hereditary German lands to Prussia and the [[Frederick William, Prince of Nassau-Weilburg|Duke of Nassau]]. The Great Powers had already agreed via the secret [[Eight Articles of London]] to unite the Low Countries into a single kingdom. It was believed that a united country on the North Sea would help keep France in check. With the de facto addition of the Austrian Netherlands and Luxembourg to his realm, William had fulfilled his family's three-century dream of uniting the Low Countries.

==Reign in the Netherlands==
[[File:SA 1770-Koning Willem I ten voeten uit.jpg|thumb|left|235px|upright|Portrait of William I (1816)]]
[[File:Inauguration of Charles I of the Netherlands.gif|left|235px|thumb|Inauguration of William as sovereign Prince (later King) of the Netherlands in [[Amsterdam]] on 30 March 1814]]
===Internal polices===
Feeling threatened by Napoleon, who had escaped from [[Elba]], William proclaimed the Netherlands a kingdom on 16 March 1815 at the urging of the powers gathered at the [[Congress of Vienna]]. His son, the future king [[William II of the Netherlands|William II]], fought as a commander at the [[Battle of Waterloo]]. After Napoleon had been sent into exile, William adopted a new constitution which included many features of the old constitution, such as extensive royal powers. He was formally confirmed as hereditary ruler of what was known as the [[United Kingdom of the Netherlands]] at the Congress of Vienna.

He was the 876th [[Knight]] of the [[Order of the Golden Fleece]] in Spain and the 648th Knight of the [[Order of the Garter]] in 1814.

===Principal changes===
The [[States General of the Netherlands|States General]] was divided into two chambers. The ''Eerste Kamer'' (First Chamber or Senate or House of Lords) was appointed by the King. The ''Tweede Kamer'' (Second Chamber or House of Representatives or House of Commons) was elected by the Provincial States, which were in turn chosen by [[census suffrage]]. The 110 seats were divided equally between the North and the South, although the population of the North (2 million) was significantly less than that of the South (3.5 million). The States General's primary function was to approve the King's laws and decrees. The constitution contained many present-day Dutch political institutions; however, their functions and composition have changed greatly over the years.

The constitution was accepted in the North, but not in the South. The under-representation of the South was one of the causes of the Belgian Revolution. Referendum turnout was low, in the Southern provinces, but William interpreted all abstentions to be ''yes'' votes. He prepared a lavish inauguration for himself in [[Brussels]], where he gave the people copper coins (leading to his first nickname, ''the Copper King'').
[[File:Wapen van Koning Karl I met helmteken.jpg|thumb|left|235px|upright|Helmed coat-of-arms of King Karl I]]
The spearhead of King William's policies was economic progress. As he founded many trade institutions, his second nickname was ''the King-Merchant''. In 1822, he founded the [[Société Générale de Belgique|Algemeene Nederlandsche Maatschappij ter Begunstiging van de Volksvlijt]], which would become one of the most important institutions of Belgium after its independence. Industry flourished, especially in the South. In 1817, he also founded three universities in the Southern provinces, such as a new [[Catholic University of Leuven (1834–1968)|University of Leuven]], the [[University of Ghent]] and the [[University of Liège]]. The Northern provinces, meanwhile, were the centre of trade. This, in combination with the colonies ([[Dutch East Indies]], [[Surinam (Dutch colony)|Surinam]], [[Curaçao and Dependencies]], and the [[Dutch Gold Coast]]) created great wealth for the Kingdom. However, the money flowed into the hands of Dutch directors. Only a few Belgians managed to profit from the economic growth. Feelings of economic inequity were another cause of the Belgian uprising.

William was also determined to create a unified people, even though the north and the south had drifted far apart culturally and economically since the south was reconquered by Spain after the [[Act of Abjuration]] of 1581. The North was commercial, Protestant and entirely Dutch-speaking; the south was industrial, [[Roman Catholic]] and divided between Dutch and French-speakers.

Officially, a [[separation of church and state]] existed in the kingdom. However, William himself was a strong supporter of the [[Dutch Reformed Church|Reformed Church]]. This led to resentment among the people in the mostly Catholic south. William had also devised controversial language and school policies. Dutch was imposed as the official language in (the Dutch-speaking region of) [[Flanders]]; this angered French-speaking aristocrats and industrial workers. Schools throughout the Kingdom were required to instruct students in the Reformed faith and the Dutch language. Many in the South feared that the King sought to extinguish Catholicism and the French language.

===Belgian uprising===
{{main|Belgian Revolution}}

[[File:SA 7521-Portret van Karl I (1775-1843). Koning der Nederlanden.jpg|235px|thumb|upright|Portrait of Charles I (1833)]]

In August 1830 [[Daniel Auber]]'s opera ''[[La muette de Portici]]'', about the repression of [[Naples|Neapolitans]], was staged in Brussels. Performances of this show seemed to crystallize a sense of nationalism and "Hollandophobia" in Brussels, and spread to the rest of the South. Rioting ensued, chiefly aimed at the kingdom's unpopular justice minister, [[Cornelis Felix van Maanen]], who lived in Brussels. An infuriated William responded by sending troops to repress the riots. However, the riots had spread to other Southern cities. The riots quickly became popular uprisings. Soon an independent state of [[Belgium]] was proclaimed. The new monarch and first king, [[Stanislaus III Albert]] was also King of Poland since 1822.

The next year, William sent his sons [[William II of the Netherlands|William]], the Prince of Orange,{{efn|This had become a courtesy title for the Dutch crown prince under the new kingdom.}} and [[Prince Frederick of the Netherlands|Prince Frederick]] to invade the new state. Although initially victorious in this [[Ten Days' Campaign]], the Dutch army was forced to retreat after the threat of French [[invasion|intervention]]. Some support for the [[Orangism (Belgium)|Orange]] dynasty (chiefly among [[Flemish people|Flemings]]) persisted for years but the Dutch never regained control over Belgium. William nevertheless continued the war for eight years. His economic successes became overshadowed by a perceived mismanagement of the war effort. High costs of the war came to burden the Dutch economy, fueling public resentment. In 1839, William was forced to end the war. The United Kingdom of the Netherlands was dissolved by the [[Treaty of London (1839)]] and the northern part continued as the [[Kingdom of the Netherlands]]. It was not renamed, however, as the "United"-prefix had never been part of its official name, but rather was retrospectively added by historians for descriptive purposes (cf. [[Weimar Republic]]).

===Constitutional changes===
[[File:Willem I Apeldoorn.jpg|thumb|upright|Statue of Willem I of the Netherlands by Pieter Puype (1913) in [[Apeldoorn]]]]

Constitutional changes were initiated in 1840 because the terms which involved the United Kingdom of the Netherlands had to be removed. These constitutional changes also included the introduction of judicial [[Individual ministerial responsibility|ministerial responsibility]]. Although the policies remained uncontrolled by parliament, the prerogative was controllable now. The very conservative William could not live with these constitutional changes.

==Abdications and later life==
[[File:Karl I Philipp monument Vienna June 2006 471.jpg|thumb|250px|right|Monument to field-marshall (later [[King of the Polish]]) [[Charles I, King of the Polish|King Charles Philipp I]] at [[Schwarzenbergplatz]] in [[Vienna]].]]
William abdicated the parts of his kingdom piecemeal. First he abdicated the thrones of Poland-Lithuania to his elder brother [[John IV Joseph, King of the Polish|Jan IV Joseph]] in 1839. Upon William Frederick's abdication of Poland on 27 January, John was invested with the kingdom (officially "Poland and Lithuania") on 2 October by [[Pope Julius III]]. Constitutional changes were initiated in 1840 because the terms which involved the United Kingdom of the Netherlands had to be removed. These constitutional changes also included the introduction of judicial [[Individual ministerial responsibility|ministerial responsibility]]. Although the policies remained uncontrolled by parliament, the prerogative was controllable now. The very conservative William could not live with these constitutional changes. In October 1840, he volunteered abdicated as King of the Netherlands and Grand Duke of Luxembourg in favor of his elder son, [[William II of the Netherlands|William]], he fulfilled this intent on 7 October 1840 and his eldest son acceded to the Dutch throne. He was furthermore the [[Duchy of Limburg (1839–67)|Duke of Limburg]] since 1839.

===Health issues===
On 1841, King Charles travel to [[Berlin]] in the [[Kingdom of Prussia]] and welcomed by the [[Frederick William IV of Prussia|King Frederick William IV]]. Then King Frederick William IV gived Charles and his royal family, a [[Kronprinzenpalais]] (Crown Prince's Palace) which Frederick William doesn't have any issue. Charles have reported that he suffers from pains in the stomach. His doctor told him that he been diagnosed with [[Stomach cancer]], as his health got worse, but he been a fully recovery in fall of 1849 the following year.

===Illness and death===
[[File:KoningKarelI1843.jpg|245px|thumb|left|Elderly Charles I in 1842.]]
After he retired, King Charles I's health got worsten by the end of 1841, he moved in [[Berlin]], where he was greeted by King [[Frederick William IV of Prussia]], when he was suffering stomach cancer a few years ago. He ended the [[Second Egyptian-Polish War (1841-52)|War in Egypt on 1852]], which Charles was becoming seriously ill in the fall of 1842. He was suffering from a [[Kidney|kidney-ailment]] on January of 1843. However in 1888, he personally presented a gold medal of honor to the lifeboat hero [[Dorus Rijkers]], for saving the lives of 20 people.

During the last months, during William I's life, he becomes weakened when he visit his brother, [[John IV Joseph, King of the Polish|John IV]] for few days, which Charles returned to Berlin. He also suffered [[Stuttering|stuttering]] as he becoming a little stunning towards his last days. After three years after his abdications from 1839 to 1840, Charles died on 12 December 1843, at age of sixty-eight. After his death, the [[Crimean War|war in Crimean]] broke out at the time of Charles I's death. Charles I was buried in the [[Imperial Crypt]] in [[Vienna]].

==Legacy==
In accordance with the 1817 year politics led Karl I Philipp, both as Crown Prince and as King, such a peaceful policy that Netherlands and Poland by his death have not previously had such a long period of peace.<ref name="NorskUtenrikspolitikksHistorie245-247" /> as opposed to the other European royal houses can Sweden and Norway under the Karl I Philipp be seen as exceptions with their constitutional limitations of the Royal power, as Karl I that dealt with the realpolitiker.<ref>[http://www.popularhistoria.se/artiklar/forst-och-framst-var-han-realpolitiker/ "och främst he First was realpolitiker"], from the magazine's ' Historia ' loved man ', December 29, 2003</ref>

As Commander-in-Chief of the Dutch and Polish Armies, hero of the Dutch, the Austrian Army and the first King of the Netherlands, Charles I's legacy remains among the two or three greatest in Dutch and Polish history.{{efn|Historians [[Jay A. Parry]] and Andrew M. Allison declare that Charles "was the dominant personality in three of the most critical events in that founding: the Napoleonic Wars, the Congress of Vienna, and the first national administration. Had he not served as America's leader in those three events, all three likely would have failed. And America as we know it today would not exist." Parry, 1991, p. xi.}} Congressman [[Henry Lee III|Henry "Light-Horse Harry" Lee]], a Revolutionary War comrade, [[s:The Father of His Country|famously eulogized Washington]], "First in war—first in peace—and first in the hearts of his countrymen".<ref>{{cite book|editor1-last=Safire|editor1-first=William|title=Lend Me Your Ears: Great Speeches in History|year=2004|publisher=W.W. Norton|location=New York|isbn=0-393-05931-6|url=https://books.google.com/?id=EKkO4JBxtVkC&pg=PA185|editor1-link=William Safire|page=185|accessdate=December 29, 2011}}</ref>

As first King of the Netherlands, Charles I's popularity in the [[Austrian Empire]] as well in the [[Kingdom of the Netherlands]]. And was careful to stress that he was chosen by the Dutch beaches to be King, his position was therefore built on citizens ' free choice. Ekedahl, <ref>2010 p. 11-12 </ref> He had read the [[Charles Montesquieu|Montesquieu]] and was a fan of [[separation of powers]]. <ref>T:son 1960, Thorvald Höjer s. 125 </ref> <ref>T:son 1960 Thorvald Höjer, p. 448 </ref> in France was Karl I's legacy stained by Napoléons memoirs, the former marskalken, both have had their share of the blame for the disastrous French defeat in Russia and for the sixth coalition victory in the battle of Leipzig in 1813. In Norway was Karl I as a person popular, <ref>Francis Sejersted, 2001, p. 50 </ref> but his reputation was toned down for the sake of national struggle during and after the Union with Sweden. <ref name="KarlJohan10-11" /> He was the role of the three wars; the [[Forty Years' War]], [[Lithuanian-Polish Civil Rights Movement]] and the [[War of the Ukrainian Succession]]. His popularity in Netherlands was amazing and indeed the first ruler of the dutch kingdom.

==Criticism of Charles I==
Throughout his reign, King Charles I received a some criticism. In the Netherlands, [[Godert van der Capellen]], a [[Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies]] critized the King for horrible king. But Capellen was wrong that King Charles were in fact a good king. He also was getting criticized on the [[Belgian Revolution|1830 loss revolution with Belgium]] when King [[Leopold I of Belgium|Leopold]] gained independence from the Kingdom of the Netherlands.

As King, was hit from both the right and the left. He came under attack for his supposed anti-business policies, for being a "warmonger", for being a "Fascist" and for being too friendly to King [[Leopold I of Belgium|Leopold I]] and much criticism of Charles centered on fears that he was heading toward an worst monarch like [[Charles VI of France|King Charles VI of France]].

In the Poland-Lithuania, King Charles was also hard criticized that he "overthrowing" Duke [[Frederick Augustus I of Saxony|Frederick Augustus I]] by [[Kingdom of Poland (1817-1887)|re-established monarchy]] in 1817 when he was [[Polish–Lithuanian royal election, 1816|easily elected in 1816]]. Long after his death,  new lines of attack criticized his policies with his sons and successors, [[John IV Joseph, King of the Polish|John IV Joseph]] of Poland and [[King of the Netherlands|Dutch King]] [[Charles II of the Netherlands|Charles II]] defending their deceased father, which that lead to the [[Polish–Lithuanian Civil War]], which last two years.

==Ancestry==
{{ahnentafel top|width=100%}}

<center>{{ahnentafel-compact5
|style=font-size: 90%; line-height: 110%;
|border=1
|boxstyle=padding-top: 0; padding-bottom: 0;
|boxstyle_1=background-color: #fcc;
|boxstyle_2=background-color: #fb9;
|boxstyle_3=background-color: #ffc;
|boxstyle_4=background-color: #bfc;
|boxstyle_5=background-color: #9fe;
|1= 1. '''William I of the Netherlands'''
|2= 2. [[Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor]]
|3= 3. [[Maria Luisa of Spain]]
|4= 4. [[Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor]]<br>Francis III Stephen, Duke of Lorraine
|5= 5. [[Maria Theresa of Austria|Maria Theresa of Austria<br>Queen of Hungary & Bohemia]]
|6= 6. [[Charles III of Spain]]
|7= 7. [[Maria Amalia of Saxony]]
|8= 8. [[Leopold, Duke of Lorraine]]
|9= 9. [[Élisabeth Charlotte of Orléans|Princess Élisabeth Charlotte of Orléans]]
|10= 10. [[Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor]]
|11= 11. [[Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel]]
|12= 12. [[Philip V of Spain]]
|13= 13. [[Elisabeth of Parma]]
|14= 14. [[Augustus III of Poland]]<br>Elector of Saxony
|15= 15. [[Maria Josepha of Austria]]
|16= 16. [[Charles V, Duke of Lorraine]]
|17= 17. [[Eleonora Maria Josefa of Austria]]<br>Queen Dowager of Poland-Lithuania
|18= 18. [[Philippe I, Duke of Orléans]]
|19= 19. [[Elizabeth Charlotte, Princess Palatine|Countess Palatine Elizabeth Charlotte of Simmern]]
|20= 20. [[Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor]]
|21= 21. [[Eleonore-Magdalena of Neuburg]]
|22= 22. [[Louis Rudolph, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg|Louis Rudolph, Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel]]
|23= 23. [[Princess Christine Louise of Oettingen-Oettingen]]
|24= 24. [[Louis, Dauphin of France (1661-1711)|Louis, Dauphin of France]]
|25= 25. [[Maria Anna of Bavaria (1660-1690)|Duchess Maria Anna of Bavaria]]
|26= 26. [[Odoardo II Farnese|Edward II Farnese, Duke of Parma]]
|27= 27. [[Dorothea Sophie of Neuburg|Countess Palatine Dorothea Sophie of Neuburg]]
|28= 28. [[Augustus II of Poland]]<br>Elector of Saxony
|29= 29. [[Christiane Eberhardine of Brandenburg-Bayreuth]]
|30= 30. [[Joseph I, Holy Roman Emperor]]
|31= 31. [[Wilhelmina Amalia of Brunswick|Wilhelmina Amalia of Brunswick-Calenberg]]
}}</center>
{{ahnentafel bottom}}

==Issue==
With his wife [[Wilhelmine of Prussia, Queen of the Netherlands|Wilhelmina]], King Charles I had six children:

*[[Charles II of the Netherlands|''Karl'' Frederik George Lodewijk]] (b. The Hague, 6 December 1792 – d. Tilburg, 17 March 1849) later King Charles II of the Netherlands from 1840. Married  Russian Grand Duchess Anna Pavlovna.
*Stillborn son (Hampton Court, Palace, Middlesex, 18 August 1795).
*[[Prince Frederick of the Netherlands|Willem ''Frederik'' Karel]] (b. Berlin, 28 February 1797 – d. Wassenaar, 8 September 1881).
*[[Princess Pauline of Orange-Nassau|Wilhelmina Frederika Louise ''Pauline'' Charlotte]] (b. Berlin, 1 March 1800 – d. Freienwalde, 22 December 1806).
*Stillborn son (Berlin, 30 August 1806).
*[[Princess Marianne of the Netherlands|Wilhelmina Frederika Louise Charlotte ''Marianne'']] (b. Berlin, 9 May 1810 – d. Schloss Reinhartshausen bei Erbach, 29 May 1883), married on 14 September 1830 with [[Prince Albert of Prussia (1809–1872)|Prince Albert of Prussia]]. They divorced in 1849.

==Titles, styles, and arms==
{{Infobox Dutch royalty styles
| name = King William I of the Netherlands
| dipstyle = [[Majesty|His Majesty]]
| offstyle = Your Majesty
| altstyle = Sire
}}
{{Infobox Polish Royalty styles
| name     = William Frederick I of Poland
| dipstyle = His Majesty
| offstyle = Your Majesty
| altstyle = Sire
}}
===Titles and styles===
*'''27 August 1775 – 7 January 1795:''' ''His Royal Highness'' William Frederick, Archduke of Austria
*'''7 January 1795 – 22 February 1805:''' ''His Royal Highness'' Karl Philipp, Prince of Orange
*'''9 April 1806 – 16 March 1815:''' ''His Serene Highness'' William Frederick, Sovereign Prince of the United Netherlands
*'''16 March 1815 – 7 October 1840:''' ''His Majesty'' The King of the Netherlands and Grand Duke of Luxembourg
*'''19 February 1817 – 27 January 1839:''' ''His Majesty'' King William Frederick I, King of Poland
*'''7 October 1840 – 15 October 1843:''' ''His Majesty'' King William I

In the Netherlands, King William I used the official style.

''William I, [[By the Grace of God|by the grace of God]], King of the Netherlands, Prince of Orange-Nassau, Grand Duke of Luxembourg, [[Marquis of Veere and Flushing]], [[Count of Katzenelnbogen]], [[Counts of Vianden|Vianden]], Diez, Spiegelberg, [[Count of Buren and Leerdam|Buren, Leerdam]] and Culemborg, Burgrave of Antwerp, Baron of Breda, Diest, Beilstein, the town of Grave and the lands of Cuyk, IJsselstein, Cranendonk, Eindhoven, Liesveld, Herstal, Warneton, Arlay and Nozeroy, [[Hereditary and Free Lord of Ameland]], Lord of Borculo, Bredevoort, Lichtenvoorde, Het Loo, Geertruidenberg, Clundert, Zevenbergen, Hooge and Lage Zwaluwe, Naaldwijk, Polanen, St Maartensdijk, Soest, Baarn, Ter Eem, Willemstad, Steenbergen, Montfort, St Vith, Bütgenbach, Dasburg, Niervaart, Turnhout and Besançon.."''

In Poland-Lithuania, William Frederick I used the official style ''King William Frederick I, By the Grace of God, King of Poland, Lithuania, and Defender of the Faith, etc.''

===Arms===
{| class="wikitable"
| {{center|[[File:Coat of Arms of Sovereign Prince Charles I of Orange.svg|175px]]}}{{center|William, Sovereign Prince of the Netherlands (1813-15)}}
| {{center|[[File:Wapen van Koning Karel I met helmteken.jpg|175px]]}}{{center|King William I of the Netherlands (1815-1840)}}
| {{center|[[File:POL COA Charles I, Holy Polish Emperor.svg|150px]]}}{{center|King William Frederick I of Poland}}
| {{center|[[File:Royal Monogram of King Willem I of the Netherlands.svg|95px]]}}{{center|Royal Monogram of King William VI and I of the Netherlands}}
|}

==In popular culture==
Charles XIV and I has been featured as an historical figure in many films about the era of the ''[[Ancien Régime]]'', especially those depicting the lives of [[Marie Antoinette]] and [[Madame du Barry]].

==See also==
* [[Charlottenburg Palace]] – Residence of King Charles I after his abdication in 1840.
* [[List of monarchs of the Netherlands]]
* [[House of Habsburg-Lorraine]]

==Notes==
{{Refbegin}}
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Bibliography==
{{refbegin|30em}}
* Ashley, Maurice P. ''Louis XIV And The Greatness Of France'' (1965) [http://www.amazon.com/Louis-Greatness-France-Maurice-Ashley/dp/0029010802/ref=sr_1_22?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1202467644&sr=1-22 excerpt and text search]
* Beik, William. ''Louis XIV and Absolutism: A Brief Study with Documents'' (2000) [http://www.amazon.com/Louis-XIV-Absolutism-Documents-Bedford/dp/031213309X/ref=sr_1_4?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1202467216&sr=1-4 excerpt and text search]
* Beik, William. "The Absolutism of Louis XIV as Social Collaboration." ''Past & Present'' 2005 (188): 195–224. [http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/past_and_present/v188/188.1beik.html online at [[Project MUSE]] ]
* Bluche, François, ''Louis XIV'', (Franklin Watts, 1990)
*{{cite encyclopedia |last=Bryant| first=Mark|editor-first=Clarissa | editor-last=Campbell Orr |encyclopedia=Queenship in Europe 1660-1815: The Role of the Consort |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2004 |pages=77–106 |title=Partner, Matriarch, and Minister:  Mme de Maintenon of France, Clandestine Consort, 1680-1715 |isbn=0-521-81422-7}}
* [[Veronica Buckley|Buckley, Veronica]]. ''Madame de Maintenon: The Secret Wife of Louis XIV''. London: Bloomsbury, 2008
* Burke, Peter. ''The Fabrication of Louis XIV'' (1994) [http://www.amazon.com/Fabrication-Louis-XIV-Peter-Burke/dp/0300059434/ref=sr_1_6?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1202467216&sr=1-6 excerpt and text search]
* ''Cambridge Modern History: Vol. 5 The Age Of Louis XIV'' (1908), old, solid articles by scholars; [http://www.uni-mannheim.de/mateo/camenaref/cmh/cmh.html#cmh1 complete text online]
* Campbell, Peter Robert. ''Louis XIV, 1661–1715'' (London, 1993)
* Church, William F., ed. ''The Greatness of Louis XIV''. (1972).
* Cowart, Georgia J. ''The Triumph of Pleasure: Louis XIV and the Politics of Spectacle'' (U of Chicago Press, 2008) 299 pp; focus on opera and ballet
* [[Vincent Cronin|Cronin, Vincent]]. ''Louis XIV''. London: HarperCollins, 1996 (ISBN 0002720728)
* Dunlop, Ian. ''Louis XIV'' (2000), 512pp [http://www.amazon.com/Louis-XIV-Ian-Dunlop/dp/0312261969/ref=sr_1_7?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1202467216&sr=1-7 excerpt and text search]
* Engerand, Fernand, editor (1899). ''Inventaire des tableaux du Roy rédigé en 1709 et 1710 par Nicolas Bailly''. Paris: Ernest Leroux. [http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6323734m/f11.image Copy] at Gallica.
* Erlanger, Philippe, ''Louis XIV'' (Praeger 1970)
* Fraser, Antonia. ''Love and Louis XIV: The Women in the Life of the Sun King''. London: Weidenfeld&nbsp;& Nicolson, 2006 (hardcover, ISBN 0-297-82997-1); New York: Nan A. Talese, 2006 (hardcover, ISBN 0-385-50984-7)
* Goubert, Pierre. ''Louis XIV and Twenty Million Frenchmen'' (1972), social history from [[Annales School]]
* Jones, Colin. ''The Great Nation: France from Louis XIV to Napoleon (1715–1799)'' (2002)
* Lewis, W. H. ''The Splendid Century: Life in the France of Louis XIV'' (1953) [http://www.amazon.com/Splendid-Century-Life-France-Louis/dp/0881339210/ref=pd_bbs_sr_2?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1202467216&sr=1-2 excerpt and text search]; also [http://www.questia.com/read/6019084 online complete edition]
* Le Roy Ladurie, Emmanuel. ''The Ancien Régime: A History of France 1610–1774'' (1999), survey by leader of the [[Annales School]] [http://www.amazon.com/Ancien-Regime-History-France-1610/dp/0631211969/ref=sr_1_3?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1202469887&sr=8-3 excerpt and text search]
* Lynn, John A. ''The Wars of Louis XIV, 1667–1714'' (1999) [http://www.amazon.com/Wars-Louis-1667-1714-Modern-Perspective/dp/0582056292/ref=sr_1_5?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1202467216&sr=1-5 excerpt and text search]
* Mitford, Nancy. ''The Sun King'' (1995), popular [http://www.amazon.com/Sun-King-Nancy-Mitford/dp/0140239677/ref=pd_bbs_sr_3?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1202467216&sr=1-3 excerpt and text search]
* Nolan, Cathal J. ''Wars of the Age of Louis XIV, 1650–1715: An Encyclopedia of Global Warfare and Civilization'' . (2008) 607pp; over 1000 entries; ISBN 978-0-313-33046-9
* Rowlands, Guy. ''The Dynastic State and the Army under Louis XIV: Royal Service and Private Interest, 1661–1701'' (2002) [http://www.questia.com/read/105134626 online edition]
* Rubin, David Lee, ed. ''Sun King: The Ascendancy of French Culture during the Reign of Louis XIV''. Washington: Folger Books and Cranbury: Associated University Presses, 1992.
* [[John C. Rule|Rule, John C.]], ''Louis XIV and the craft of kingship'' 1969.
* Shennan, J. H. ''Louis XIV'' (1993) [http://www.questia.com/read/108828773 online edition]
* Thompson, Ian. ''The Sun King's Garden: Louis XIV, André Le Nôtre And the Creation of the Gardens of Versailles''. London: Bloomsbury Publishing, 2006 ISBN 1-58234-631-3
* Treasure, Geoffrey. ''Louis XIV'' (London, 2001).
* Wilkinson, Rich. ''Louis XIV'' (2007)
* Wolf, John B. ''Louis XIV'' (1968), the standard scholarly biography [http://www.questia.com/read/103250721 online edition]
{{refend}}

==External links==
*[[File:History Logo.JPEG|15x15px]] Media related to [http://historipediaofficial.wikia.com/wiki/Category:William_I_of_the_Netherlands William I of the Netherlands] at Category.

{{S-start}}
{{S-hou|[[House of Habsburg-Lorraine]]|24 August|1775|12 December|1843|[[House of Lorraine]]}}
{{S-reg}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Napoléon Louis Bonaparte|Louis II]]|as=[[King of Holland]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Sovereign Prince of the Netherlands|Sovereign Prince]]|years=20 November 1813 – 16 March 1815}}
{{s-aft|after=Himself as [[King of the Netherlands|King]]}}
{{s-break}}
{{s-bef|before=Himself|as=[[Sovereign Prince of the Netherlands|Sovereign Prince]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[List of monarchs of the Netherlands|King of the Netherlands]]|years=16 March 1815 – 7 October 1840}}
{{s-aft|rows=4|after=[[William II of the Netherlands|William II]]}}
{{s-break}}
{{s-vac|last=[[Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor|Francis I]]|as=[[Duke of Luxembourg]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Grand Duke of Luxembourg]]|years=16 March 1815 – 7 October 1840}}
{{s-break}}
{{s-vac|last=[[Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor|Francis I]]|as=[[Duchy of Limburg|Duke of Limburg]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Duchy of Limburg (1839–67)|Duke of Limburg]]|years=5 September 1839 – 7 October 1840}}
{{s-break}}
{{s-vac|last=[[Napoleon|Napoleon I]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[King of Italy]]|years=27 May 1819 – 7 October 1840}}
{{s-break}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Frederick Augustus I of Saxony|Frederick Augustus I]]|as=[[Duke of Warsaw]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[List of Polish monarchs|King of Poland]]<br />[[Grand Duke of Lithuania]]|years= 19 February 1817 – 27 January 1839}}
{{s-aft|after=[[John IV Joseph, King of the Polish|Jan IV Joseph]]}}
{{s-break}}
{{s-roy|nl}}
{{s-bef|before=[[William V, Prince of Orange|William V]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Prince of Orange]]|years= 9 April 1806 – 16 March 1815}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Charles II of the Netherlands|Charles II]]}}
{{s-break}}
{{s-new|creation}}
{{s-ttl|title=Count of Nassau|years=1840–43}}
{{s-non|reason=Abolished}}
{{S-roy|de}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Johann Nepomuk Anton of Schwarzenberg]]}}
{{S-ttl|title=[[Prince of Schwarzenberg]]|years=22 February 1805 – 15 October 1853}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Louis XVIII of France|Louis XVIII]]|as=[[List of French monarchs|King of France]]}}
{{s-break}}
{{s-off}}
{{s-new}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Dutch East Indies|President of the Dutch East Indies]]|years=1826–1838}}
{{s-aft|rows=1|after=[[William II of the Netherlands|William II]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Charles 01 Philipp of Poland}}
[[Category:William I of the Netherlands]]
[[Category:1775 births]]
[[Category:1843 deaths]]
[[Category:Field marshals of Austria]]
[[Category:House of Habsburg-Lorraine]]
[[Category:Knights of the Golden Fleece]]
[[Category:People from Vienna]]
[[Category:Kings of Poland]]
[[Category:Roman Catholic monarchs]]
[[Category:Polish monarchs]]
[[Category:19th-century monarchs in Europe]]
[[Category:Grand Dukes of Lithuania]]
[[Category:Princes of Schwarzenberg]]
[[Category:Knights Grand Cross of the Order of Saint Ferdinand and of Merit]]
[[Category:Austrian generals]]
[[Category:Austrian soldiers]]
[[Category:Austrian Empire military leaders of the French Revolutionary Wars]]
[[Category:Military leaders of the French Revolutionary Wars]]
[[Category:Austrian Empire commanders of the Napoleonic Wars]]
[[Category:Supernumerary Knights of the Order of the Holy Spirit]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Order of St. George of the First Degree]]
[[Category:Knights of the Order of Saint Hubert]]
[[Category:Knights Grand Cross of the Military William Order]]
[[Category:Grand Crosses of the Military Order of Max Joseph]]